Answer: Can you find a Victorian domestic scene of music AND (science OR magic)?

Now THIS was a difficult challenge.  Recall that Nell’s original question was to find:   “…find a description, program, or announcement for a meeting that took place in someone's home combining singing with science or magic in London from 1835-45…”  

Nell worked on this question for a while.  Here’s how she describes finding the answer: 

I started by searching the British Library http://www.bl.uk/ for the category [Popular science British nineteenth century ] The third result, Science in the Marketplace (2008) looked likeliest, so I clicked on details to see its contents. It's a collection of papers, and James Secord's chapter "How Scientific Conversation Became Shop Talk" looked good. Though I read it in hard copy, it's also available online -- See: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25593874
 In his article, Secord mentioned Mary Somerville and social gatherings in her home that hosted many soirees dealing with science.  They belonged to a circle of “learned couples who became central to metropolitan science…”  That’s a great lead. 

I noticed that this article also mentions that the books of George Augustus Sala and Richard Doyle gave a broad view of mid-Victorian London society, with “At Home” musical evenings; political banquets, art sales, clubland dinners and so forth.  Doyle created a wonderful engraving of “Conversazione: Science and Art” (in his book, Bird’s Eye Views of Society (1864), p 45) showing a room packed with “all kinds of novel, curious interesting and instructive objects” such as telescopes and diving bells. 

“Conversazione: Science and Art” (in his book, Bird’s Eye Views of Society (1864), p 45, by R. Doyle.  Link to image on the VictorianWeb.

  

Nell continues…

So I looked to see if Mary Somerville had memoirs.  I found an edition that works here by searching for "Mary Somerville Recollections."  (Which I had picked up from the Secord paper.)   Eventually I found her daughter's "Personal Recollections of Mary Somerville" from 1872 on Google Books.
 

I searched inside of that book for "music" and found accounts of Mary's musical education in Edinburgh (4-5h of practice in the mornings, fashionable composers like Pleyel, Clementi, Mozart and Beethoven), of her adult musical taste (Italian), and finally, of evening entertainments with her friends at home in Hanover Square, London:

"Somerville and I used frequently to spend the evening with Captain and Mrs. Kater. Dr. Wollaston, Dr. Young, and others we are generally of the party; sometimes we had music, for Captain and Mrs. Kater sang very prettily. All kinds of scientific subjects were discussed, experiments tried and astronomical observations made in a little garden in front of the house." (67).  

I went back to the Secord article, and found the initial reference to Mary Somerville. That was by Charles Caldwell, in his autobiography from 1855, available on Google Books. The other women mentioned in the gathering of intellectual women that impressed him are Mrs. Fry, Miss Edgeworth and her sisters, and Elizabeth Lamb. I searched each of them for memoirs that mentioned Mary Somerville. Volume two of Maria Edgeworth's "Life and Letters" had six hits for Somerville, however, some of the pages were not included in the preview, but which included promising things like "party." Since there were only six results for "Somerville," I found it easiest to see how things fit together by clicking "see all" and "order by pages." This let me figure out that there were three pages in a row on Mrs. Somerville, and that the Katers, who appeared on page 74, might be connected to the evening party on page 76, which wasn't available. Searching the book for "Kater" somehow made that page visible, and described a party that took place on April 5, 1822 (the yesterday of April 6, when the letter was written) during which Mrs. Kater sang and played Handel.
 

Though we don't know that Mrs. Kater sang Handel at one of the scientific and musical evenings mentioned by Mary Somerville in her Recollections, we have an idea of what those evening parties looked like, and what the repertoire could have been, as well as a date for residence in Hanover Square and association with the Katers. Searching for [ Captain Kater Mrs ] brings up Francis Trollope's "Life and Literary Works" vol III, which mentions a Captain Kater dying in April of 1835. The next result is for the wikipedia article on "Henry Kater," a physician who was in London at the right time. Searching for "Henry Kater 1835" brings up genealogy results and biographies, which include his wife's name (Mary Frances Reeve) and her death in 1833. I used the result from the village of Wickersley website, which was held by Mrs. Kater's family. From all that, we know that the gathering with the Katers that involved telescopes and singing couldn't have happened after 1833, and that it probably happened in the 1820s, which is when Mrs. Somerville and her family lived in London as well and when Maria Edgeworth spent time with them.
 

The result isn't exactly what I started out looking for, but it's close enough to do. The other result that I came up with that was slightly wrong, but close enough,  described a gathering of scientists at Cambridge in honor of Mrs. Somerville in 1834 which included musical festivities. I found that reference through the hard copy of Elizabeth Patterson's "Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science" (1983) and the online database of Charles Darwin'scorrespondence. [Dan:  It's worth knowing that Mary Somerville was the author of a book on Physical Geography that Darwin recommended to friends.] 
 

 My next step is to determine exactly when she lived in Hanover Square, and then look for gossip in newspapers as well as searching for other memoirs and letters by her acquaintances to back it up 

The ecstatic experience of playing the piano, or is it the arsenic?

When I followed Nell's approach, I was happy to find the same books and discover the most remarkable texts... Mary wrote: 

“It was a great amusement … to arrange the minerals we had collected during our journey.  Our cabinet was now very rich…. With crystals of sapphire, ruby, oriental topaz, amethyst, &c., &c.  Somerville used to analyze mineral with the blowpipe, which I never did.  One evening, when he [ Mr. Somerville ] was so occupied, I was playing the piano, when suddenly I fainted… a thing I had never done such a thing.”  Turns out the mineral Mr. Somerville was analyzed contained arsenic, causing poor Mary to faint on the piano bench."

“..I could play long pieces of music on the piano without the book, and I never forget my mathematical formulae.  In looking over one of my MSS., which I had not seen for forty years, I at once recognized the formulae for computing the secular inequalities of the moon.”

My approach: 

By contrast with Nell's method, I started by looking for diaries: 

   [  london diarists OR diaries OR diary music science OR magic 1835..1845 ]

This search gave me a possible lead. I found the A’Becket family diaries and prompt books (they were a theatrical family in London 1840—1890) at the New York Public library.  There's possibly something in there, but the contents are not digitized, just the metadata.  

Looking back at the results, I spotted another possible lead: A Yale publication about Ada Lovelace and where women published scientific articles in the mid-1800s. 

This web page includes: “At a tea party one afternoon, she recalled years later, young Mary Fairfax had been given a ladies' fashion magazine that contained a puzzle, the answer to which was given in strange symbols. These symbols turned out to be algebra. And that magazine became her introduction to the world of Euclidean geometry and number.” Can’t date that precisely, but it seems to be mid-19th-century, right around the desired dates. 

Checking the various biographies of Ada Lovelace.  It’s clear that she attended musical concerts and scientific lectures, but I haven’t yet been able to place any of these events in the home, nor all at the same time. 

I continued reading various biographies of Lovelace (also known as Lord Byron’s daughter) until I found the book “Charles Babbage and theCountess” (by Patricia Warrick).  It’s a novelization of Ada’s life, but in it I found a detail:  Babbage and Lovelace met on June 5, 1833 at a party at the Duke of Somerset’s house.   The relevant bit here is that at this event there was definitely music, definitely science, and definitely math.  But, alas, no program or announcement that I could find. 

I then tried the query:

     [ Victorian London "at home" music OR musical ]

(The quoted phrase "at home" was something I'd seen used a few times in Victorian writing, often quoted in the various letters as in  Thank you for the "At Home" time with you... ) 

When I did this query, I quickly came upon the VictorianWeb’s chapter about “Music and Social Class in Victorian London.”  This article describes the shift from music-in-the-home (performed by amateurs) to professional-music (performed in music halls and similar) during the latter part of the 1800s.  Music at home, with discussions of science and/or magic (especially the then-popular version of spiritualism that was a craze at the time), seem to have been inevitable. 

Another approach came from my colleague Dan Brickley, who told me that:

My first thought was to find some Victorian occultist who matched queries for music/singing. The name "Madame Blavatsky" came to mind. A plain old search for her name led me to  http://www.nndb.com/people/310/000033211/ which has multiple mentions of music/piano.   So then I switched to Books search. In order to improve my search experience, I switched to expert search and restricted to matches with full view available.   [Dan: A handy trick indeed.]  

I didn't find a domestic scene yet by following the Madame Blavatsky angle, and the dates are a bit later than the original post requested, but something like this method seems promising to me: 

First, find the likely entities (people, places, events of the time) then look for books that talk about them...  [Dan: Emphasis mine.] 

By following this tactic (identify a person of the time, then do queries with that person included), I did this query: 

     [ Charles Darwin music home ] 

Big tip: Look for someone famous from that same time.
In this case, I'm using Charles Darwin.  

and found in the book, Life and Letters of Charles Darwin that he had "...acquired a strong taste for music...sometimes hiring chorister boys to sing my rooms."  His friends knew he loved music, but was not especially musical.  So they'd play a game and have him identify tunes that they played such as "God Save the King."  For all of Darwin's gifts, apparently he wasn't a natural musician.  

Point is, this strategy worked quite quickly to locate a co-mention of music and domestic life. Since this is Darwin we're talking about, there's no doubt that scientific talk entered into these scenes of music + science at his Cambridge rooms while he was there (1828-1831).  

Finally, I then asked my friend (and the author/curator of the Victorian Web,  George Landow for how he would approach this problem.  

He wrote with this sage advice: 

"Ask your readers to consider where similar images of music and science in the home might appear today, and then ask them to think of the equivalents.  For example, in 2013 we’d think of People, other magazines, blogs, Facebook, and so on.
 What were the Victorian equivalents?  Answer: Illustrated periodicals (e.g., Illustrated London News, The Graphic, Punch, Fun)
  

Consider also searching Victorian-age books about such subjects: music and magic at home. Think also about using a term of art at the time—“sheet music” 

 Then there are genre paintings of life at home. It’s useful to know that there are one or two painters who specialize in scenes along the lines of what you seek." 

This is great search advice.  As we've discussed before, put yourself in the mind of the writer. What would they write?  And where would they publish it? 

So… I have found the Illustrated London News and magazines such as Punch online.  My next task is to browse through them looking for images of domestic tranquility with music and/or science and/or magic going on simultaneously.  But I've run out of time for this today.  

Search Lessons:  

1. Foremost, as Nell says herself, while she began this quest looking for documentation from a very specific time (1835—1845), she was satisfied with material from a time very nearby, but not exact.   This kind of search revision happens all the time.  As you search, you learn more and more about the topic at hand, often causing a modification in the definition of the original goal.  Again, this kind of thing happens to reference librarians all the time.  A patron might really want something from this exact date, but ends up learning that an ever better example can be found on a different date (say, 3 years earlier). 

2.  A good strategy is to fix as much as you can, then search. In this case, choosing a particular person (e.g., Mary Sommerville or Ada Lovelace or Madame Blavatsky) gives your searches a certain grounding in that time and place.  Another version of this would be to examine the archives of a particular museum dedicated to Victorian London, or an archive that specializes in the location. 

3.  Looking for equivalents between now and then often leads to insights.  Landow’s suggestion of finding the illustrated periodicals of the time is brilliant.  It still requires looking through a lot of content, but doing it online in your home is much faster than going to London and searching through materials manually. 

(That’s not to say that original archival searches aren’t valuable or necessary—it’s just a good idea to check the online materials FIRST before you go!) 

Whew! 

That’s a bit long for a blog post, but I hope you’ve enjoyed the search.  We didn’t quite get what Nell was looking for, but we got very close, and learned a few new search methods besides. 

I’m still searching.  If I get a great hit, I’ll post it.  (And if you find one, let me know so we can share.)

Not an answer... yet... Wednesday Search Challenge (8/14/13): Can you find a Victorian domestic scene with music AND (science OR magic)?

No answer... yet... 

I'm going to hold off on answering this just to give everyone a chance to try it for themselves.  

It really is fairly difficult, and I've posted noticed on G+ and Facebook, hoping that a few of my Victoriana-literate friends would chime in with suggestions on how to answer such questions. 

Keep searching! 

Wednesday Search Challenge (8/14/13): Can you find a Victorian domestic scene with music AND (science OR magic)?

This is music in a Victorian household.  Can you find an event of the time with music AND science OR magic?

SearchResearch Regular Reader Nell wrote in the other day with an intriguing question: 

Hi, 

I need to find a description, program, or announcement for a meeting that took place in someone's home combining singing with science or magic in London from 1835-45.  

It's not hard to find public events in that time period, but I want a domestic event, so diaries, letters, novels, and gossip journals are the best place to look. I have lots of magic books and sheet music designed for use in parlors, but no descriptions of anyone using them both in the same evening.
 It's not exactly a traditional challenge, because I haven't found an answer yet, but I'm convinced that this was happening and just need it described. I've heard from a friend that one of the Darwin letters might describe something similar taking place in Oxford, but neither of us can find it again, and I need something in London. 

Help!

Nell

I couldn't resist this plea for help (especially from someone named Nell--you could go look up why...).  

Nell's request is the kind of thing you hear a lot at the library reference desk--a question that has a lot of specifics (London, 1835-1845, music + science OR magic, written record) and is in a form where there's no obvious data source to go check.  It's a non-trivial challenge, and requires a bit of ingenuity to solve it.

To summarize today's search challenge:  

1.  Can you find a description of an event that took place 

in a London home that combined both music AND science 

OR magic between 1835 and 1845?  

We're looking for something like a diary, a letter, or novel from that time.  

Good luck!  

As always, be sure to tell us a little bit about how you did it.  What search terms did you use?  Where did you focus your search?  (And if you remember, about how long did you take on the search itself?)  

Search on!  

Setting a timer on Google

Did you know... 

Google now handles timer requests?  

You can now do commands like: 

     [ set a timer for 5 AM ] 

     [ set a timer for 11 minutes ] 

Demo:

You can do this via voice (VERY handy), and should you find the need, you can set up multiple windows, each with their own timer.   Note how I've changed the query to remind me what each timer is set for... ("chicken done" or "potatoes out of the oven" etc).  

Answer: Famous 19th century house parties?

"Schubertiade" by Julius Schmid, 1891, from Wikimedia. Currently at the Wiener Männergesang-Verein

Vienna 1820s. Music is self-powered.  There are no CDs, no MP3s, no Muzak, and no streaming music services.  If you want music, you'd get a live musician.  As a consequence, Vienna is crawling with musicians and people who love to create music on their own.  

I was thinking about this while I was playing the piano the other day, and realized that we haven't had many artistic or humanities-based Search Challenges recently.  I don't know if Silicon Valley will suddenly have an uptick in the number of house concerts, but it's a lovely, salon-ish thing to consider.  

Now... how do we go about solving the search questions for the day?  Recall that the first one was:   

1.  What were these parties often called?  (Hint: it involves a famous composer.) If you figure this out, you'll know who our famous composer was. 

If you've read a certain literature, you might recognize the man at the piano.  This is Franz Schubert, a pianist and composer famous for his hausmusik. A big fraction of his musical writings are lieder (songs) and small pieces just right for performance in someone's home.  

But what if you don't recognize Franz at the piano?  

A reasonable query would be: 

     [ 1820 Vienna house music party ]

I chose these terms because we're looking for something about parties in 1820 Vienna.  But as-is, that's too broad a search.  I added in the terms house and music because I was thinking this would limit my results to just those that are about parties held in private places.  

I then chose to search in Books, thinking that this would be more likely to have historical offerings than the regular web-search (which might well have lots of items about Vienna, houses, music and parties--by looking in Books first, I'm selecting a corpus that's more likely to have the kind of thing I'm looking for... in this case, a historical perspective on these parties.)  

Sure enough, there are lots of books about Vienna in the 1820s.  It was a time in Vienna when house parties were all the rage.  (Fascinating reading to see how different their parties are from the ones I attend!)  

Musicians were often central to these parties.  Franz Schubert is probably the best-known house-party musician (although you also might find Felix Mendelsohn or Frederic Chopin mentioned around this time as frequent party-goers).  Schubert is most closely associated with Vienna, though.  And he's the pivot point of this particular plot.  A bit of reading about Schubert (e.g., in Schubert: The music and the man, by Brian Newbould) quickly leads us to discover that these parties came to be known as Schubertiades (or Schubertiads).  A name that continues to this day.  

This particular search wasn't hard... it just requires a bit of reading to get to the answer.  But the next one is tricky.  

 2.  What kind of people would attend these shindigs? Can you find a mention (or two) of anyone famous attending? 

What's hard about this is trying to find "famous people" attending these parties.  But now that we know they're called "Schubertiades," let's try that as a search term inside of Books and see what we can find.  (The problem, of course, is recognizing someone as famous.  They could well have been famous then, but unknown now, almost 200 years later.)  

The first approach I took was to use Google Book search to find books with "Schubertiad" (or "Schubertiade" -- both spellings are used) and then look for the word "guest."  That fairly straightforward search lead me to several artists and writers. 

Another method I tried was with the search: 

     [ Schubertiade guests 1820..1830 ] 

Here, I'm looking for guests at Schubertiades held between 1820 and 1830.  (I could have gone later, but I suspected this was the prime time for Schubert to have famous guests at the parties.)  With this search I found a wonderful article by Christopher Gibbs, published at the Library of Congress.  

A 3rd method might be to check out the painting above.  If someone is going to immortalize party attendees, then it's a good bet they were fairly well-known (or beloved) at the time. 

In the famous Schwind painting (see above--which can be easily identified with a Search-by-Image search) scholars have identified artists such as Rieder, Schwind, Kupelwieser (behind the seated ladies), writers Franz Grillparzer, Johann Senn, Johann Baptist Mayrhofer, Ignaz Castelli, Eduard von Bauernfeld, and the host of the party, Josef von Spaun.  

But probably the most interesting connection for us is the woman in the background.  On the wall in the back is a portrait of Countess Caroline von Esterházy, Schubert’s idealized love interest (and muse), who was part of the Esterházy family who famously supported the work of Haydn (in the late 18th century).  

It's not exactly People magazine, but these folks were pretty famous in their place and time.  

 3.  The famous composer of Question 1  was interested in the development of a new kind of musical instrument, even writing a major sonata to promote its adoption by the musical public.  What was the name of that instrument? 

This was probably the easiest of the challenges (although I thought it was going to be hard).  A simple query like: 

     [ Schubert new instrument sonata ] 

leads fairly quickly to the Wikipedia article about the arpeggione, a cello-like instrument with frets (like a guitar).  Kudos to Luis Miguel for finding this YouTube video with Osamu Okumura actually playing the Schubert arpeggione sonata, D281, written in November, 1824.

Search lessons: In these cases, the skill of finding the answer is almost all in choosing appropriate search terms (ones that are salient to the topic) and then doing a bit of reading.  

In the second search, deciding to search in Books first led to good results, primarily because the generic Web search is SO broad and non-specific.  By limiting the search to just Books, the chances of finding something about the historical Schubert (as opposed to last week's Schubert recital in Buenos Aires) was a good move.  

Arpeggione (below) and cello (above).  

Search on… musically!