Answer: What's your favorite geo-mapping / geo-information tool? (Part 1/2)

LOTS of comments this week... 

... as Regular SRS Readers chimed in with great suggestions for their favorite geo-resources.  

The new Google Earth on the web (https://www.google.com/earth/) is a fantastic
geo-located information resource. 

We had two parts to this Challenge, but the first part is HUGE... and I'm still working on it, which is why I'm so slow in writing up an answer this week.  I'm going to write up my answer to Challenge #1 tomorrow.    

1.  (knowledge)  What's your favorite geo-information resource?  It could be something we've already talked about (like Earth, Maps, Streetview, or Wikimapia), or you teach us all something about a resource that you use and enjoy.  What is it?  Why do you think it's great?  

When I look at the long list of suggestions, I realize that there are LOTS of possible geo-resources.  See the next post tomorrow....  

2.  (skill)  Can you find a NEW geo-information (or geo-mapping, or geo-indexed anything!) resource?  What process did you follow to find it?  

What I was looking for here were some ideas about how to DISCOVER new geo-information resources.   How do you do that?  Here are the collected strategies of some SRS Regular Readers:  

Jon suggested the query: 

     [NEW geo-information]

... which gives lots of suggestions.  (Especially nice, the lists of resources.)  Worth exploring!  

Arthur Weiss suggested: 

     ["google fusion tables"]

... as a way to find alternatives to the geo-capabilities of Fusion Tables.  

Ramón gave us a link to Simon Kuestenmacher: 

     [ Simon Kuestenmacher ] 

... which leads to a bunch of the resources he's developed (or written about), such as his Twitter Feed.  

Abstracting these ideas 

These are great tactics, but I want to abstract them just slightly and turn them into real strategies.  

1. Searching for new resources:  A great way to find the latest resource (of any type) is to search for: 

     [ new kind-of-resource ] 

Such as: 

      [ new geography data set ] 

      [ new mapping resources ] 

etc.  

But problem with this approach is that many sites will title a page with "new"... and then leave it up on their site for years, constantly advertising that it's "new"!  

A great way to get just the truly new stuff is to use the operator after: -- like this: 

      [ mapping resources after:2016-1-1 ] 

The after: operator is relatively new, and lets you filter out everything before the specified date.  Notice that I removed "new" from the query since it's redundant.  (Anything after 2016 is defined to be new!)  Google also has the before: operator, which does the obvious thing.  

2. Search alternative names:  Jon's use of the search term "geo-information" is great, and suggests a strategy for finding even more resources--look around for terms OTHER than what you'd immediately think of at first blush.   (For instance, geospatial, geographic, mapping, etc.)  When I did the search for synonyms: 

     [ synonyms geo-information ] 

as I looked through the results, I found the term USGS, which isn't a synonym, but a REALLY useful search term that will lead to productive search results.  Like this: 

Or this... 

And if you want to see the latest, use after: to limit the results to the most recent.  


3. Follow people with aligned interests:   Often people will indulge their interests online in ways that are incredibly useful to others, especially if you're not part of that field.  Ramón found this guy, Simon Kuestenmacher (or his site), who is VERY much a geo-information / geo-tools guy (among other things).  

As a strategy, looking for people who are deeply into a topic (and then looking at their trail of postings on Twitter / Facebook / Web) often leads to fantastic resources.  Just a quick glance at Simon's posting leads to all kinds of marvelous maps, animations... and the tools and resources that he uses in his work.  

One example. Simon posted a marvelous Greenland animated GIF showing the effect of Mercator map projection distortion (see below, credit:@neilrkaye): 

which led me to find the tool used to make this:  TrueSize, which lets you compare the size of any two countries, such as Greenland and Mexico (which are, remarkably enough, almost the same size).  

Once you start working forward from interesting people, you can find all manner of useful connections.  It was this way that I found a link to Exploring the Invisible, which in turn led me to data sets from the World Bank, and handy ways to create your own maps from their data sets, such as this map of worldwide renewable energy resources (below).

    

Search Lessons 

There are ways you can improve your searching by making better queries, but there are ALSO ways to improve your searching by expanding the range of things you consider.  We've covered a few methods... 

1. Search for new resources by explicitly looking for "new" or newly posted content.  You can add "new" or "latest" (or similar) to your query, and that will give you that kind of results. 

2.  Search for another way to express what you're seeking.  In the topic of "interesting geo-information," there are MANY ways to say this. If you search for synonyms or alternative ways of expressing your target, you can enrich what you find.  

3.  Search for a person (or institution) that's aligned with your interests, and follow what they're writing about.  You can learn much from the other things they write about.  In this case we looked for a person with geo- mapping- data- interests, but this same idea works with nearly any topic.  (Give it a try with "medieval music" or "Southwest lizards."  As a friend once said to me, "This is the internet, Dan, there's someone who's deeply interested in anything...").  

Tomorrow, a few of the geo-information resources that we found.  

Search on! 

SearchResearch (8/14/19): What's your favorite geo-mapping / geo-information tool?

You might have noticed... 

... lots of the SearchResearch Challenges involve finding other resources--like mapping sites--and then using them to help answer the Challenge-of-the-Week.  

The new Google Earth on the web (https://www.google.com/earth/) is a fantastic
geo-located information resource. 

An important set of things to know is WHAT resources are available... 

... and ... 

An important skill for any powerful SearchResearcher is the ability to FIND those sources.. and find new resources that you don't know about ahead of time.  

So this week's Challenge comes in two parts.  Both are a little meta, but together, I hope they teach a powerful lesson. 

1.  (knowledge)  What's your favorite geo-information resource?  It could be something we've already talked about (like Earth, Maps, Streetview, or Wikimapia), or you teach us all something about a resource that you use and enjoy.  What is it?  Why do you think it's great?  

2.  (skill)  Can you find a NEW geo-information (or geo-mapping, or geo-indexed anything!) resource?  What process did you follow to find it?  

In both cases, we're looking for Open-Access resources.  (I'll also take something that's really really inexpensive.)  

What do you know about?  What can you find?  

Be sure to let us know what you did to find your NEW favorite geo-resource!!  


Here's one example, an animated GIF I made from Google Earth (web) showing movement in Yosemite Valley.  

Search on!  

Answer: Are there seals in Tahiti?

Okay... by now I'm almost back into
my Californian mindset...  

... but our Challenge from last week still remains.  Remember, I asked:  

While there, I saw lots of wildlife.  Such as this anemonefish I found on Raiatea, 

1.  Is it true there are no seals or sea lions in Tahiti?  If so why not?  (Or did I just miss them?)  

How would you do online research for a question like this?  Remember that doing an obvious query like: 

     [ seals OR "sea lions" in Tahiti ] 

is biasing the results towards ANYTHING that mentions seals or sea lions in Tahiti.  (If you do this query, you'll find a sad story about a little seal who showed up in Raivavae in August, 2016.  (Unfortunately, it was so far from home that it didn't survive.)  

You'll also find lots of off-topic results about yachts that are named "Seal" or "Sea Lion" or yachts that have porthole seals that need maintenance, or hotels in Tahiti named "Seal" + something.  But nothing useful.    

You will find a spurious stock video of seals supposedly swimming in Moorea (an islan near Tahiti).  It you look at that video closely, you'll see seaweed of a kind that clearly is NOT from Polynesia.  (I suspect the video was just mistakenly tagged with that location at some point by a non-diving cataloger.)  

I note that there's also a link to a book about The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by Emissaries of Spain during the Years 1771 - 1776.  This text has a few seal sightings in Tahiti and nearby islands, but the text also makes it clear these were pretty rare.  Probably a bit like the unfortunate little seal on Raivavae--it was present, but not really intentionally, and certainly not happily.  

So, what WOULD be a better search strategy?  

Given that "seal" is a pretty generic term, perhaps we could find a synonym that's much more specific. The easiest way I know to do that is to check out the Wikipedia article on seals (or sea lions, or walruses...) where we learn that they're all members of the order Pinnipedia.  

Now, armed with that bit of information, we can do a search for: 

     [ pinnipeds Tahiti ] 

Naturally, this tends to give us books and scholarly articles about pinnipeds/seals, but that's okay, I'd like some authority in my reading on this topic.  

And while I found a few articles, the most interesting one was a book chapter in Pinnipeds and El Niño:  Responses to Environmental Stress.  The entire book is about pinnipeds in the Pacific, and although I read much of the book (and importantly, used "Find in this book" feature), I couldn't find ANY pinnipeds except on the far Eastern Pacific, and the lower latitudes, near New Zealand and Antarctica.  

That's kind a stumper.  Now what? Is there another way to frame this Challenge?  

I remember from other reading about birds and animals that the term "distribution" and/or "range" are often used to describe the locations where animals live.  SO... I tried these searches: 

     [ pinniped range ] 
     [ pinniped distribution ] 

This worked pretty well!  Checking Images.Google.com I found that the second query is much better (higher quality on-topic results) and quickly leads to this map.  

Figure 1 from the article Global Threats to Pinnipeds  Kovacs, et al.
MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 28(2): 414–436 (April 2012)

As you can see, pinnipeds are primarily cold water residents, with high population densities around the poles.  Interestingly, the west coasts of North and South America are notable for their cold currents that skim along the shore.  There are a few other outlier seal populations in the Mediterranean and Caspian sea.  Generally speaking, the tropics are a seal-free zone!  (Note, however, that blue streak in the middle of the Northern Pacific--that's Hawai'i, and a bit of a special case.)  

The article mentions that: 

Pinnipeds do not conform to the generalization that marine mammals are concentrated in tropical and temperate regions (Schipper et al. 2008), although they do occurprincipally within continental shelf regions (Fig. 1). They are for the most part coldwater animals that occur in regions with high marine productivity. Upwelling areas(including those associated with sea-ice edges and coastal shelf inclines) and oceanfrontal areas are focal points for foraging for many pinniped species. Additionally,available data on species distributions of pinniped do not appear to conform to themarine mammal generality that suggests that range sizes are smaller toward the poles(Schipper et al. 2008). Many arctic and antarctic pinnipeds have large, circumpolarranges, while most tropical and midlatitude pinnipeds appear to have more restrictedranges... 

Generally speaking, with the single exception of monk seals in Hawai'i, seals and sea lions just don't live in tropical seas (unless there's a cold water current in the tropical latitudes).  

Fascinating.  

So while there are seals in Hawai'i (the now rare and endangered Monk seal, Neomonachus schauinslandi), they are the rather exceptional exception to the general rule that seals don't live in the tropics.  

Aside from the occasional strays who wander into Tahitian waters, there just aren't seals in the area!  


2.  (Extra credit)  On board our ship I found this device.  I'm not a big ship sailor, so I don't know what it is.  Can you figure out what this is, and what it's used for on board?  

To start this search, I did a search-by-image, but that didn't work well, even after I tried using Bing's interactive cropping tool.  I tried Google, I tried Bing, I tried Yandex... all to no avail.  Nothing worked.  It's just not a great Search-By-Image target image.  (Too round, too generic...)  

BUT.. remember that you can add search terms to the image AFTER you do the initial Search-By-Image.  So, I modified the image search on Google by adding in the terms


     [ ship line rope ]

To my delight, buried in the middle of this images I found something that looked a lot like what I was searching for... 

And when I opened up the image, I learned it was a winch.  

Then, by looking up what a winch was, learned there are two kinds of devices like this... it's  either a winch, or a capstan--both of which look very similar.  (The difference is that a winch is only used to tighten or loosen a line, while a capstan can lock the line in place.  You use a winch to raise/lower sails, but you can use a capstan to tie your boat to a mooring point.)   


===== 
Postscript (Added after Regular Reader Arthur Weiss commented that he found it using Bing Image Search):  

At Arthur Weiss wrote in the comments to the blog, you CAN find the winch by using Bing's impressive search-by-image tool.  (I've written about this before:  see "What's that logo?")  

When I tried it, I didn't have any luck, but with Arthur's find, I re-tried the Bing search, and voila, there it was.  

Here's what I did on Bing.  You can see how much I cropped it down, "just to the relevant bits."  Note the winch in the middle of the results on the right.  

By contrast, if I do the same search using Google's Search-By-Image (using exactly the same cropped image), Google strikes out!  Lesson learned:  Try multiple search engines!  

Using the same cropped image, Google's Search-By-Image returns largely irrelevant things.
The suggestion ("rotor") is odd. Almost none of these things pictured are rotors.  

Thanks, Arthur!  

Search Lessons 

1. If you're getting junk results, try reformulating with a less-common term.  We used "pinniped" which means "seals and related creatures, and that shift to a technical term eliminated all kinds of off-topic results.  

2.  Knowing domain specific terminology.   Once again, using the right search term--in this case, "distribution" and "range" to find specific kinds of results--was an important change to our search.  Sometimes you just have to know the language of the topic.  I picked up these specific terms from my earlier reading about birds and animals.  Turns out these terms work for seals as well.  

3. Modify a Search-By-Image by adding in additional terms that will provide context.  This is an incredibly useful thing to remember when you're searching for an ambiguous target.  In today's search, we added "ship" and "line" and "rope" and found what we were looking for.  (I added "ship" to find only things associated with ships, then I added "line" because that's a common nautical term for a kind of rope, and then finally "rope" to find images that might not use the word "line.")  That series of modifications (3 searches) made all the difference!  

Hope you found this Challenge interesting and fun!  I learned a few new things about pinnipeds while reading for this topic... and was once again reminded that there's a great value in knowing the specific terminology for an area.  Part of this is just the habit of reading widely, increasing your personal vocabulary.  

Note that having a rich vocabulary is more than just knowing the definition of a term, but also knowing what domain (that is, a topic area) it's used in.  Everyone knows the word "distribution," but you might not have thought about it as a way to describe the concept where-an-animal-lives.  Luckily, I've read enough of those bird identification books to have seen "distribution" used in that way.  

Keep reading!  

Search on! 

Rethinking Langmuir Circulation lanes

A couple of weeks ago...
... I asked what I thought was a simple question about "lanes" of quiet water that one can see on bodies of water.  Here's that Challenge:  

2.  As we're sailing from place to place, it's not uncommon to see large patches of water without any ripples on the surface.  It's something you see nearly everywhere--it's a common effect on lakes, ponds, and oceans.  But what causes these ripple-free regions on the water?   (See below for an image that has a large Y-shaped blank area in the middle. What causes this?)  

I offered this image as an example of what I meant.  See those blank spots? 

And I found this other picture (see this Y-shaped quiet area in the left-center).

I tentatively identified them as lanes caused by Langmuir Circulation.  

BUT THEN, as I was driving past the mouth of the Gualala River (in Northern California;  it opens onto the Pacific) I saw THIS:  

Here's a closeup below.  Notice how the lines are VERY parallel, and run through the tree stump, and right onto the grassy shoreline at left.  This is pretty clearly caused by Langmuir Circulation cells in the water. And yes, the wind was blowing (fairly hard) exactly along the lines.  If you notice, there are lots of small waves on top of the cells.  That's NOT quite what I was looking for: I wanted to find the cause of those glassy patches.  

  

But as I stood there looking at them, they were NOT the same as the quiet / ripple-free regions I'd seen (as in the first two pictures above).  These are clearly Langmuir cells, but there are LOTS of tiny wavelets on top of the water.  Looks to me as though we're searching for another process than wind-induced long, linear cells.  

So... what's going on?  

I don't know.  The search continues!  

Let me know if you run across anything that's relevant to the "quiet water" effect.  

Still searching!  

SearchResearch Challenge (7/31/19): Are there seals in Tahiti?

I'm still in a Polynesian frame of mind... 

... and so I've been thinking about what I saw in Tahiti and French Polynesia quite a bit over the past couple of weeks.  

While there, I saw lots of wildlife.  Such as this anemonefish I found on Raiatea, 

and black-tipped reef sharks...  

... and while there's a fair bit of large fauna (I can't resist showing you this group of eagle rays that flew past us one afternoon), 

I noticed that there were few mammals in the sea.  Sure, I saw a few dolphins, and the islands are famous for their humpback whales.  But no otters (which I didn't really expect), and very oddly, no seals or sea lions!  I've seen seals in Hawai'i, but why nothing south of the Equator?   

This leads to today's Challenge: 

1.  Is it true there are no seals or sea lions in Tahiti?  If so why not?  (Or did I just miss them?)  

I'm used to seeing seals / sea lions just about everywhere.  This is what I see locally in Northern California,   

Harbor seals hauled out on a beach near Gulala, CA

So why are none of these (apparently) in Tahiti?  

2.  (Extra credit)  On board our ship I found this device.  I'm not a big ship sailor, so I don't know what it is.  Can you figure out what this is, and what it's used for on board?  

As always, the real Challenge not just to find the answer, but to let us know HOW you did it.  What searches did you do?  Did you actually just ask someone?  (That's a legitimate way to do SearchResearch Challenges!)  Or did you just happen to know?  (That's okay too--just let us know.)  

Just tell us HOW... in the comments below. 


Search on! 

Answer: A couple of questions about Polynesia! (Why so long? What are those clear patches?)

I'm back in Silicon Valley... but missing Polynesia.. 

If you get the chance to visit, you should.  If the predicted sea level rise happens, many of these islands are going to be submerged.  That's tragic, but what's worse is that the memory of these special places will vanish from the common culture.  
But before solving the climate change problem, let's focus in on our Challenges.  

1.  In researching the dates of initial colonization of Polynesian islands, I noticed a VERY strange incongruity.  Look at the map below.  The blue pins are all island nations that were first colonized around 1000AD.  The red pins (to the left of the long green line) were all colonized around 1000BCE or before.  What happened here between 1000BCE and 1000AD?  Why are the all of the blue pins MUCH later than the red pinned locations?  It's not that far from Samoa to Niue, why didn't anyone colonize that island until 900AD or so?  Generally--why didn't the Polynesians go beyond the green line for a very long time?  

This sounds simple enough... but it turns out to be a bit of a contentious issue.  As I discovered, there's a bit of debate about the dates I show above.  Getting a definitive answer to this is probably a PhD's thesis worth of work (and there are people doing exactly that!), but let's see what we can do with our SRS skills.  

I started my research with this query: 

     [ Polynesia colonization dates ] 

which gave me this SERP: 

As you can tell, I opened up several tabs in parallel to get a quick sense of the breadth of opinion on this: 

The first tab is from Hokulea.com (a Hawaiian cultural education site), the second is from Wikipedia, 3rd is from Phys.org (a science news site).  Others I opened were from other science journalism sites.  

By reading about 10 such sites, I quickly learned that there's some disagreement about the exact dates for Polynesian island colonization.  The root of the discussion is about the accuracy of the methods used in previous research.  (There's a big discussion about the accuracy of the reported 14C measurements.)  

But after reading through many of these reports, the overall pattern still holds.  The dates might be off by anywhere from 75 - 150 years, but the overall story remains the same.  The precusors of the Polynesians moved from somewhere in southeast Asia to colonize the islands around Melanesia, stopping sometime around 1000BCE.  (This model of expansion is supported by genetic, linguistic, and archaeological data. See: Wikipedia article on Polynesia; Proc. National Academy article about Polynesia colonization;  Stanford summary of dates)

Here's a visual map of this (modified from the PNAS article): 

Expansion migration out of West Polynesia (blue area),  There was a first expansion to the Society Islands between A.D. ∼1025 and 1121 (orange), and a second expansion to the farther islands between A.D. ∼1200 and 1290 (yellow area).

While this is confirmation (and consistent with what I'd found already), as I was reading, I kept finding the phrases "Polynesian pause" and "Polynesian expansion."  Both seemed to describe what I was looking for.  

As we know, finding a common phrase that describes what you're searching for is an incredibly valuable thing.  

Armed with this, I did two searches.  One on Scholar and one on Books, both with the same search query.  NOTE that this isn't a search for a synonym (such as "Polynesian OR Tahitian"), but a search for two very different phrases.  I'd be happy with either phrase being in the document. 

     [ "polynesian pause" OR "polynesian expansion" ] 

A search on Google Scholar has pretty good results for this search combined search. 

Likewise... 

After reading through a bunch of these hits--both books and scholarly articles--I had a newfound appreciation for the difficulty of tracking the movement of people across thousands of years and thousands of miles.  (The biggest surprise was the relevance of the book "Microbial Pathogenomics," which turns out to suggest a way of tracking expansion by tracking the movement of a distinctive gut bacteria, hpEastAsia, across the islands of Polynesia by looking at the bacterial populations of their current residents!)

But the original Challenge was "WHY was there a thousand-year-long pause in the migration?"  

What did I find?  

Lots of speculation--wild guesses and hypotheses.  Nobody, it seems, knows WHY this happened.  But one paper on this topic stands out as the current dominant hypothesis.  "From west to east: Environmental influences on the rate and pathways of Polynesian colonization"  (by Alvaro Montenegro, Richard T. Callaghan, and Scott M. Fitzpatrick; The Holocene 24.2 (2014): 242-256) uses a combination of weather models (including common Pacific winds and currents) and departures from different points in central Polynesia show that ...

".. the eastern boundary of West Polynesia, the limit of the initial colonization pulse, is marked by a discontinuity in land distribution, where the distances travelers would have to cross in order to reach islands further to the east become significantly larger. At the same time, in West Polynesia, the frequency and intensity of winds favorable to eastward displacement decrease continuously from west to east.... Voyaging simulations show that intentional eastward voyages departing from Tonga and Samoa, when undertaken with vessels capable of sailing efficiently against the wind, afford a viable route toward several island groups in East Polynesia, with trips starting in Samoa having a higher probability of success." 

Hidden in that complex language are a couple of ideas.  (1) The winds and currents at the West/Central boundary form a kind of natural barrier to eastward expansion.  (2)  It's hard to cross that barrier until you have watercraft that can sail into the wind. 

Did it take a millennium to develop ships that can sail into the wind?  Maybe.  And maybe it took that long to both develop the ship technology AND grow a set of people who were willing to make those blind voyages into the unknown in search of other lands.  It's possible that the upwind sailing tech was developed not long after arriving at the eastern edge, but that there wasn't a tradition of making those voyages. At this point in history, it's hard to know.  As I can do is point to sources that make these speculative suggestions.

2.  As we're sailing from place to place, it's not uncommon to see large patches of water without any ripples on the surface.  It's something you see nearly everywhere--it's a common effect on lakes, ponds, and oceans.  But what causes these ripple-free regions on the water?   (See below for an image that has a large Y-shaped blank area in the middle. What causes this?)  

To answer this Challenge, I tried a lot of variations on what I thought would be a reasonable query: 

     [ lines of flat water ] 

     [ areas of calm water on ocean ] 

     [ regions no waves ] 

And so forth.  I found that some search terms (e.g., "wavelets") added an entirely new (and off-topic for me) dimension, so I learned to avoid those terms. 

After a few tried like this (mostly with unhelpful results), I switched to Image search, hoping to recognize an image that looked like what I wanted and learn from that page what this might be called.  When I did this search:  

    [ lines of calm water on ocean ] 

I finally found a picture that looked like what I'd been searching for... 

This article called them Langmuir Circulation lines.  Searching a bit for that taught me that they're "a series of shallow, slow, counter-rotating vortices at the ocean's surface aligned with the wind. [These form] .. when wind blows steadily over the sea surface."  Where the long, wind-caused vortex hits the surface, that has a calming effect on the texture of the water. And that's possible... but I hadn't thought to measure which way the wind was blowing when I took the photo!  (I will next time.)  

As I looked more, I found that Langmuir circulation often also produces long "wind rows" of form on the edges of the circulation cells.  (See below.) 

Is this the same phenomenon?  Quite possibly.  The diagnostic test would be to see if the wind is blowing in the same direction as the lines of foam.. or the quiet area seen in the other images.  

As SRS reader Unknown pointed out, there are probably multiple reasons for these quiet lanes in the sea.  

But for the moment, I'll go with Langmuir Circulation lanes... and remember to test this hypothesis by noting the wind direction! 

Search Lessons  

1.  Take note of special terminology that precisely describes your topic.  As I noted when reading through all of the Polynesian articles, those two phrases "Polynesian Expansion" and "Polynesian Pause" seemed to pop up often.  By searching specifically for those two phrases (in Google Books and Google Scholar), I was able to find a bunch of high quality resources.  Take note of repeated phrases like this--they can be the key!  

2.  Realize that some simple-to-ask questions might not have simple, short answers--ESPECIALLY "why" questions.  Getting a definitive answer to "why did the Polynesian pause suddenly stop?" is tough.  It's easy to find ideas, but getting to a high quality proof behind the why is probably not possible.  (Or at least it's really not simple!)  

3.  Switching to a different medium can help.  In the "lines of calm water" Challenge, it was faster to look at the image search results rather than read all of the text that might be difficult to understand.  Visual confirmation can often get you to the right resources faster than anything else.  Don't forget about the value of the visual! 

4. Use parallel browsing and browsing-in-depth to organize your searching.  It's a handy technique to know... and can simplify your searching!  

Thanks for reading (and playing) along.  This wasn't simple.  

Next week I have two more questions from my recent travels.  I'll post those a week from today (next Thursday) instead of Wednesday.  Don't panic!  All is well (but busy) in SearchResearch Land! 

Search on!